Mathematics

Mathematics of finance. Matrices and linear equations. Review of differential calculus; applications. Integration and fundamental theorem; applications. Introduction to partial differentiation; applications.

NOTE: please note Prerequisites listed below. Students without the proper prerequisites for MAT133Y1 may be deregistered from this course.

Note that MAT133Y is not a valid prerequisite for a number of more advanced quantitative courses. Students who are considering a quantitative non-Commerce PoSt, such as a math minor or a stats minor, may want to consider MAT135H and MAT136H, MAT137Y, or MAT157Y instead of MAT133Y.  Specifically, a student who took MAT133Y may need to subsequently take MAT135H and MAT136H as "extra" or take MAT137Y or MAT157Y in order to proceed in non-Commerce PoSts.

Review of trigonometric functions, trigonometric identities and trigonometric limits. Functions, limits, continuity. Derivatives, rules of differentiation and implicit differentiation, related rates, higher derivatives, logarithms, exponentials. Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, linear approximations. Mean value theorem, graphing, min-max problems, l’Hôpital’s rule; anti- derivatives.  Examples from life science and physical science applications.

Definite Integrals, Fundamental theorem of Calculus, Areas, Averages, Volumes. Techniques: Substitutions, integration by parts, partial fractions, improper integrals. Differential Equations: Solutions and applications. Sequences, Series, Taylor Series. Examples from life science and physical science applications.

A conceptual approach for students with a serious interest in mathematics. Attention is given to computational aspects as well as theoretical foundations and problem solving techniques. Review of Trigonometry. Limits and continuity, mean value theorem, inverse function theorem, differentiation, integration,  fundamental theorem of calculus, elementary transcendental functions, Taylor's theorem, sequence and series, power series. Applications.

The goal of this course is for students to become comfortable with abstraction, rigour, logic, and proofs. They will practice reading and understanding mathematical statements, analyzing definitions and properties, formulating conjectures and generalizations, providing and writing reasonable and precise arguments, writing and critiquing proofs. The instructor may use specific mathematical content, which could vary from year to year, to practice these skills. The course is aimed at students interested in the creative character of mathematics, particularly those planning to take any of our proof-oriented courses, and is an excellent preparation for MAT137Y1, MAT157Y1, or MAT240H1.

Note: students may take this course concurrently with MAT157Y1 or MAT137Y1, or prior to registering in MAT157Y1 or MAT137Y1. This course can also be used by students who have already taken MAT136H1 and wish to bridge the gap to MAT237Y1.

A theoretical course in calculus; emphasizing proofs and techniques, as well as geometric and physical understanding. Trigonometric identities. Limits and continuity; least upper bounds, intermediate and extreme value theorems. Derivatives, mean value and inverse function theorems. Integrals; fundamental theorem; elementary transcendental functions. Techniques of integration. Taylor's theorem; sequences and series; uniform convergence and power series.

Applications of mathematics to biological problems in physiology, genetics, evolution, growth, population dynamics, cell biology, ecology, and behaviour. Mathematical topics include: power functions and regression; exponential and logistic functions; binomial theorem and probability; calculus, including derivatives, max/min, integration, areas, integration by parts, substitution; differential equations, including linear constant coefficient systems; dynamic programming; Markov processes; and chaos. This course is intended for students in Life Sciences.

In this course we will look at magic tricks! Not just any magic tricks, but ones that involve only Mathematics and maybe a flair for the presentation. Some magic tricks involve only elementary Mathematics, others involve very deep Mathematics. In the discussions, we will talk about the tricks and the Mathematics behind them. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

How do we send our own confidential information through secure channels, and how can we break codes to uncover the secret information of our adversaries? The mathematical field of cryptology is dedicated to answering such questions. In this course we will study breakthroughs in cryptology, from secret messages in the ancient world and the Enigma cipher in World War II, to modern cryptosystems that facilitate online commerce. Along the way, you will develop a sophisticated understanding of how numbers interact and develop the ability to communicate messages secretly and mathematics clearly. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

The course is offered in a seminar/workshop format. Each week students solve puzzles, and develop initial and essential intuitions for the fundamental ideas of each puzzle. Then in the lectures and through the reading materials, the mathematical foundations of each puzzle are studied. Students learn to apply mathematical techniques to strengthen and generalize the puzzles, and to enrich their initial problem solving intuitions.

Topics covered include mathematics of numbers, counting, base and modular arithmetic, geometry and geometric constructions, graph theory, games, decision theory, logic puzzles, and recursion. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

A study of the interaction of mathematics with other fields of inquiry: how mathematics influences, and is influenced by, the evolution of science and culture. Art, music, and literature, as well as the more traditionally related areas of the natural and social sciences may be considered. (Offered every three years)

 JUM202H1 is particularly suited as a Science Distribution Requirement course for Humanities and Social Science students.

A study of games, puzzles and problems focusing on the deeper principles they illustrate. Concentration is on problems arising out of number theory and geometry, with emphasis on the process of mathematical reasoning. Technical requirements are kept to a minimum. A foundation is provided for a continuing lay interest in mathematics. (Offered every three years)

 JUM203H1 is particularly suited as a Science Distribution Requirement course for Humanities and Social Science students.

An in-depth study of the life, times and work of several mathematicians who have been particularly influential. Examples may include Newton, Euler, Gauss, Kowalewski, Hilbert, Hardy, Ramanujan, Gödel, Erdös, Coxeter, Grothendieck. (Offered every three years)

 JUM205H1 is particularly suited as a Science Distribution Requirement course for Humanities and Social Science students.

An application-oriented approach to linear algebra, based on calculations in standard Euclidean space. Systems of linear equations, matrices, Gauss-Jordan elimination, subspaces, bases, orthogonal vectors and projections. Matrix inverses, kernel and range, rank-nullity theorem. Determinants, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Cramer's rule, diagonalization. This course has strong emphasis on building computational skills in the area of algebra. Applications to curve fitting, economics, Markov chains and cryptography.

Systems of linear equations, matrix algebra, real vector spaces, subspaces, span, linear dependence and independence, bases, rank, inner products, orthogonality, orthogonal complements, Gram-Schmidt, linear transformations, determinants, Cramer's rule, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, eigenspaces, diagonalization.

Fields, complex numbers, vector spaces over a field, linear transformations, matrix of a linear transfromation, kernel, range, dimension theorem, isomorphisms, change of basis, eigenvalues,  eigenvectors, diagonalizability, real and complex inner products, spectral theorem, adjoint/self-adjoint/normal linear operators, triangular form, nilpotent mappings, Jordan canonical form.

Parametric equations and polar coordinates. Vectors, vector functions and space curves. Differential and integral calculus of functions of several variables. Line integrals and surface integrals and classic vector calculus theorems. Examples from life sciences and physical science applications.

Introduction to linear programming including a rapid review of linear algebra (row reduction, matrix inversion, linear independence), the simplex method with applications, the duality theorem, complementary slackness, the dual simplex method and the revised simplex method. 

Sequences and series. Uniform convergence. Convergence of integrals. Elements of topology in R^2 and R^3. Differential and integral calculus of vector valued functions of a vector variable, with emphasis on vectors in two and three dimensional euclidean space. Extremal problems, Lagrange multipliers, line and surface integrals, vector analysis, Stokes' theorem, Fourier series, calculus of variations.

A theoretical approach to: vector spaces over arbitrary fields, including C and Z_p. Subspaces, bases and dimension. Linear transformations, matrices, change of basis, similarity, determinants. Polynomials over a field (including unique factorization, resultants). Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, diagonalization. Minimal polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

First order ordinary differential equations: Direction fields, integrating factors, separable equations, homogeneous equations, exact equations, autonomous equations, modeling. Existence and uniqueness theorem. Higher order equations: Constant coefficient equations, reduction of order, Wronskian, method of undetermined coefficients, variation of parameters. Solutions by series and integrals. First order linear systems, fundamental matrices. Non-linear equations, phase plane, stability. Applications in life and physical sciences and economics.

An introduction to the mathematical methods behind scientific techniques developed for extracting information from large data sets. Elementary probability density functions, conditional expectation, inverse problems, regularization, dimension reduction, gradient methods, singular value decomposition and its applications, stability, diffusion maps. Examples from applications in data science and big data.

Designed to introduce students to mathematical proofs and abstract mathematical concepts. Topics may include modular arithmetic, sizes of infinite sets, and a proof that some angles cannot be trisected with straightedge and compass.

A theoretical approach to real and complex inner product spaces, isometries, orthogonal and unitary matrices and transformations. The adjoint. Hermitian and symmetric transformations. Spectral theorem for symmetric and normal transformations. Polar representation theorem. Primary decomposition theorem. Rational and Jordan canonical forms. Additional topics including dual spaces, quotient spaces, bilinear forms, quadratic surfaces, multilinear algebra.

Topology of R^n; compactness, functions and continuity, extreme value theorem. Derivatives; inverse and implicit function theorems, maxima and minima, Lagrange multipliers. Integration; Fubini's theorem, partitions of unity, change of variables. Differential forms. Manifolds in R^n; integration on manifolds; Stokes' theorem for differential forms and classical versions.

A theoretical course on Ordinary Differential Equations. First-order equations: separable equations, exact equations, integrating factors. Variational problems, Euler-Lagrange equations. Linear equations and first-order systems. Fundamental matrices, Wronskians. Non-linear equations. Existence and uniqueness theorems. Method of power series. Elementary qualitative theory; stability, phase plane, stationary points. Oscillation theorem, Sturm comparison. Applications in mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology and economics.

This breadth course is accessible to students with limited mathematical background. Various mathematical techniques will be illustrated with examples from humanities and social science disciplines. Some of the topics will incorporate user friendly computer explorations to give participants the feel of the subject without requiring skill at calculations.

Note: This course cannot be used to satisfy requirements of program in the math department.

A course in mathematics on a topic outside the current undergraduate offerings.  For information on the specific topic to be studied and possible additional preqrequisites, go to http://www.math.toronto.edu/cms/current-students-ug/

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member.  Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings.  Similar workload to a 36L course.  Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. Workload equivalent to a 36L course. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent research under the direction of a faculty member. Similar workload to a 72L course.  Not eligible for CR/NCR option. 

Credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. Details at http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/course/rop. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Congruences and fields. Permutations and permutation groups. Linear groups. Abstract groups, homomorphisms, subgroups. Symmetry groups of regular polygons and Platonic solids, wallpaper groups. Group actions, class formula. Cosets, Lagrange theorem. Normal subgroups, quotient groups. Classification of finitely generated abelian groups. Emphasis on examples and calculations.

This course examines the relationship between legal reasoning and mathematical logic; provides a mathematical perspective on the legal treatment of interest and actuarial present value; critiques ethical issues; analyzes how search engine techniques on massive databases transform legal research and considers the impact of statistical analysis and game theory on litigation strategies.

NOTE

This course counts as 0.5 FCE in BR3 and 0.5 FCE in BR5.

This course will only contribute 0.5FCE to the Math Minor program.

Predicate calculus. Relationship between truth and provability; Gödel's completeness theorem. First order arithmetic as an example of a first-order system. Gödel's incompleteness theorem; outline of its proof. Introduction to recursive functions.

Elementary topics in number theory: arithmetic functions; polynomials over the residue classes modulo m, characters on the residue classes modulo m; quadratic reciprocity law, representation of numbers as sums of squares.

Metric spaces, topological spaces and continuous mappings; separation, compactness, connectedness. Fundamental group and covering spaces. Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Students in the math specialist program wishing to take additional topology courses are advised to obtain permission to take MAT1300H, MAT1301H.

This course is aimed at students intending to become elementary school teachers. Emphasis is placed on the formation and development of fundamental reasoning and learning skills required to understand and to teach mathematics at the elementary level. Topics may include: Problem Solving and Strategies, Sets and Elementary Logic, Numbers and Elements of Number Theory, Introductory Probability and Fundamentals of Geometry.

The course may include an optional practicum in school classrooms.

This course will explore the following topics: Graphs, subgraphs, isomorphism, trees, connectivity, Euler and Hamiltonian properties, matchings, vertex and edge colourings, planarity, network flows and strongly regular graphs. Participants will be encouraged to use these topics and execute applications to such problems as timetabling, tournament scheduling, experimental design and finite geometries.

Theory of functions of one complex variable, analytic and meromorphic functions. Cauchy's theorem, residue calculus, conformal mappings, introduction to analytic continuation and harmonic functions.

An elementary introduction to a modern and fast-developing area of mathematics. One-dimensional dynamics: iterations of quadratic polynomials. Dynamics of linear mappings, attractors. Bifurcation, Henon map, Mandelbrot and Julia sets. History and applications.

This course provides the foundations of analysis and rigorous calculus for students who will take subsequent courses where these mathematical concepts are central of applications, but who have only taken courses with limited proofs. Topics include topology of Rn, implicit and inverse function theorems and rigorous integration theory.

Construction of Real Numbers. Metric spaces; compactness and connectedness. Sequences and series of functions, power series; modes of convergence. Interchange of limiting processes; differentiation of integrals. Function spaces; Weierstrass approximation; Fourier series. Contraction mappings; existence and uniqueness of solutions of ordinary differential equations. Countability; Cantor set; Hausdorff dimension.

Basic counting principles, generating functions, permutations with restrictions. Fundamentals of graph theory with algorithms; applications (including network flows). Combinatorial structures including block designs and finite geometries.

Sturm-Liouville problems, Green's functions, special functions (Bessel, Legendre), partial differential equations of second order, separation of variables, integral equations, Fourier transform, stationary phase method.

Groups, subgroups, quotient groups, Sylow theorems, Jordan-Hölder theorem, finitely generated abelian groups, solvable groups. Rings, ideals, Chinese remainder theorem; Euclidean domains and principal ideal domains: unique factorization. Noetherian rings, Hilbert basis theorem. Finitely generated modules. Field extensions, algebraic closure, straight-edge and compass constructions. Galois theory, including insolvability of the quintic.

An overview of mathematical modelling. A variety of approaches for representing physical situations mathematically followed by analytical techniques and numerical simulations to gain insight. Questions from biology, economics, engineering, medicine, physics, physiology, and the social sciences formulated as problems in optimization, differential equations, and probability. Precise content varies with instructor.

This is a first course in Partial Differential Equations, intended for Mathematics students with interests in analysis, mathematical physics, geometry, and optimization. The examples to be discussed include first-order equations, harmonic functions, the diffusion equation, the wave equation, Schrodinger's equation, and eigenvalue problems. In addition to the classical representation formulas for the solutions of these equations, there are techniques that apply more broadly: the notion of well-posedness, the method of characteristics, energy methods, maximum and comparison principles, fundamental solutions, Green's functions, Duhamel's principle, Fourier series, the min-max characterization of eigenvalues, Bessel functions, spherical harmonics, and distributions. Nonlinear phenomena such as shock waves and solitary waves are also introduced.

Complex numbers, the complex plane and Riemann sphere, Möbius transformations, elementary functions and their mapping properties, conformal mapping, holomorphic functions, Cauchy's theorem and integral formula. Taylor and Laurent series, maximum modulus principle, Schwarz' lemma, residue theorem and residue calculus.

Function spaces; Arzela-Ascoli theorem, Weierstrass approximation theorem, Fourier series. Introduction to Banach and Hilbert spaces; contraction mapping principle, fundamental existence and uniqueness theorem for ordinary differential equations. Lebesgue integral; convergence theorems, comparison with Riemann integral, L^p spaces. Applications to probability.

Curves and surfaces in 3-spaces. Frenet formulas. Curvature and geodesics. Gauss map. Minimal surfaces. Gauss-Bonnet theorem for surfaces. Surfaces of constant curvature.

Manifolds, partitions of unity, submersions and immersions, vector fields, vector bundles, tangent and cotangent bundles, foliations and Frobenius’ theorem, multillinear algebra, differential forms, Stokes’ theorem, Poincare-Hopf theorem

This course introduces students to various topics in mathematical probability theory. Topics include basic concepts (such as probability, random variables, expectations, conditional probability) from a mathematical point of view, examples of distributions and stochastic processes and their properties, convergence results (such as the law of large numbers, central limit theorem, random series, etc.), various inequalities, and examples of applications of probabilistic ideas beyond statistics (for example, in geometry and computer science).

A course in mathematics on a topic outside the current undergraduate offerings.  For information on the specific topic to be studied and possible additional preqrequisites, go to http://www.math.toronto.edu/cms/current-students-ug/

A survey of ancient, medieval, and early modern mathematics with emphasis on historical issues. (Offered in alternate years)

A survey of the development of mathematics from 1700 to the present with emphasis on technical development. (Offered in alternate years)

Independent reading under the direction of a faculty member.  Topic must be outside current undergraduate offerings.  Similar workload to a 36L course. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. Similar workload to a 36L course.  Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. Similar workload to a 36L course.  Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent research under the direction of a faculty member.  Workload similar to a 72L course.  Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. Details at http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/course/rep. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. Details at http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/course/rep. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. Details at http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/course/rop. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Commutative rings; quotient rings. Construction of the rationals. Polynomial algebra. Fields and Galois theory: Field extensions, adjunction of roots of a polynomial. Constructibility, trisection of angles, construction of regular polygons. Galois groups of polynomials, in particular cubics, quartics. Insolvability of quintics by radicals.

Euclidean and non-euclidean plane and space geometries. Real and complex projective space. Models of the hyperbolic plane. Connections with the geometry of surfaces.

Set theory and its relations with other branches of mathematics. ZFC axioms. Ordinal and cardinal numbers. Reflection principle. Constructible sets and the continuum hypothesis. Introduction to independence proofs. Topics from large cardinals, infinitary combinatorics and descriptive set theory.

A selection from the following: finite fields; global and local fields; valuation theory; ideals and divisors; differents and discriminants; ramification and inertia; class numbers and units; cyclotomic fields; diophantine equations.

A selection from the following: distribution of primes, especially in arithmetic progressions and short intervals; exponential sums; Hardy-Littlewood and dispersion methods; character sums and L-functions; the Riemann zeta-function; sieve methods, large and small; diophantine approximation, modular forms.

Key concepts and mathematical structure of Quantum Mechanics, with applications to topics of current interest such as quantum information theory. The core part of the course covers the following topics: Schroedinger equation, quantum observables, spectrum and evolution, motion in electro-magnetic field, angular momentum and O(3) and SU(2) groups, spin and statistics, semi-classical asymptotics, perturbation theory. More advanced topics may include: adiabatic theory and geometrical phases, Hartree-Fock theory, Bose-Einstein condensation, the second quantization, density matrix and quantum statistics, open systems and Lindblad evolution, quantum entropy, quantum channels, quantum Shannon theorems.

Smooth manifolds, Sard's theorem and transversality. Morse theory. Immersion and embedding theorems. Intersection theory. Borsuk-Ulam theorem. Vector fields and Euler characteristic. Hopf degree theorem. Additional topics may vary.

Einstein's theory of gravity. Special relativity and the geometry of Lorentz manifolds. Gravity as a manifestation of spacetime curvature. Einstein's equations. Cosmological implications: big bang and inflationary universe. Schwarzschild stars: bending of light and perihelion precession of Mercury. Topics from black hole dynamics and gravitational waves. The Penrose singularity theorem.

The course will survey the branch of mathematics developed (in its abstract form) primarily in the twentieth century and referred to variously as functional analysis, linear operators in Hilbert space, and operator algebras, among other names (for instance, more recently, to reflect the rapidly increasing scope of the subject, the phrase non-commutative geometry has been introduced).  The intention will be to discuss a number of the topics in Pedersen's textbook Analysis Now.  Students will be encouraged to lecture on some of the material, and also to work through some of the exercises in the textbook (or in the suggested reference books).

The theory of operator algebras was begun by John von Neumann eighty years ago. In one of the most important innovations of this theory, von Neumann and Murray introduced a notion of equivalence of projections in a self-adjoint algebra (*-algebra) of Hilbert space operators that was compatible with addition of orthogonal projections (also in matrix algebras over the algebra), and so gave rise to an abelian semigroup, now referred to as the Murray-von Neumann semigroup.

Later, Grothendieck in geometry, Atiyah and Hirzebruch in topology, and Serre in the setting of arbitrary rings (pertinent for instance for number theory), considered similar constructions. The enveloping group of the semigroup considered in each of these settings is now referred to as the K-group (Grothendieck's terminology), or as the Grothendieck group.

Among the many indications of the depth of this construction was the discovery of Atiyah and Hirzebruch that Bott periodicity could be expressed in a simple way using the K-group. Also, Atiyah and Singer famously showed that K-theory was important in connection with the Fredholm index. Partly because of these developments, K-theory very soon became important again in the theory of operator algebras. (And in turn, operator algebras became increasingly important in other branches of mathematics.)

The purpose of this course is to give a general, elementary, introduction to the ideas of K-theory in the operator algebra context. (Very briefly, K-theory generalizes the notion of dimension of a vector space.)

The course will begin with a description of the method (K-theoretical in spirit) used by Murray and von Neumann to give a rough initial classification of von Neumann algebras (into types I, II, and III). It will centre around the relatively recent use of K-theory to study Bratteli's approximately finite-dimensional C*-algebras---both to classify them (a result that can be formulated and proved purely algebraically), and to prove that the class of these C*-algebras---what Bratteli called AF algebras---is closed under passing to extensions (a result that uses the Bott periodicity feature of K-theory).

Students will be encouraged to prepare oral or written reports on various subjects related to the course, including basic theory and applications.

Asymptotic series. Asymptotic methods for integrals: stationary phase and steepest descent. Regular perturbations for algebraic and differential equations. Singular perturbation methods for ordinary differential equations: W.K.B., strained co-ordinates, matched asymptotics, multiple scales. (Emphasizes techniques; problems drawn from physics and engineering)

A selection of topics from: Representation theory of finite groups, topological groups and compact groups. Group algebras. Character theory and orthogonality relations. Weyl's character formula for compact semisimple Lie groups. Induced representations. Structure theory and representations of semisimple Lie algebras. Determination of the complex Lie algebras.

Partial differential equations appearing in physics, material sciences, biology, geometry, and engineering. Nonlinear evolution equations. Existence and long-time behaviour of solutions. Existence of static, traveling wave, self-similar, topological and localized solutions. Stability. Formation of singularities and pattern formation. Fixed point theorems, spectral analysis, bifurcation theory. Equations considered in this course may include: Allen-Cahn equation (material science), Ginzburg-Landau equation (condensed matter physics), Cahn-Hilliard (material science, biology), nonlinear Schroedinger equation (quantum and plasma physics, water waves, etc). mean curvature flow (geometry, material sciences), Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov (combustion theory, biology), Keller-Segel equations (biology), and Chern-Simmons equations (particle and condensed matter physics).

Basic notions of algebraic geometry, with emphasis on commutative algebra or geometry according to the interests of the instructor. Algebraic topics: localization, integral dependence and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, valuation theory, power series rings and completion, dimension theory. Geometric topics: affine and projective varieties, dimension and intersection theory, curves and surfaces, varieties over the complex numbers. This course will be offered in alternating years.

Projective geometry. Curves and Riemann surfaces. Algebraic methods. Intersection of curves; linear systems; Bezout's theorem. Cubics and elliptic curves. Riemann-Roch theorem. Newton polygon and Puiseux expansion; resolution of singularities. This course will be offered in alternating years.

Harmonic functions, Harnack's principle, Poisson's integral formula and Dirichlet's problem. Infinite products and the gamma function. Normal families and the Riemann mapping theorem. Analytic continuation, monodromy theorem and elementary Riemann surfaces. Elliptic functions, the modular function and the little Picard theorem.

Lebesque measure and integration; convergence theorems, Fubini's theorem, Lebesgue differentiation theorem, abstract measures, Caratheodory theorem, Radon-Nikodym theorem. Hilbert spaces, orthonormal bases, Riesz representation theorem, compact operators, L^p spaces, Hölder and Minkowski inequalities.

Fourier series and transform, convergence results, Fourier inversion theorem, L^2 theory, estimates, convolutions. Banach spaces, duals, weak topology, weak compactness, Hahn-Banach theorem, open mapping theorem, uniform boundedness theorem.

A selection of topics from such areas as graph theory, combinatorial algorithms, enumeration, construction of combinatorial identities.

An introduction to first and second order conditions for finite and infinite dimensional optimization problems with mention of available software. Topics include Lagrange multipliers, Kuhn-Tucker conditions, convexity and calculus variations. Basic numerical search methods and software packages which implement them will be discussed.

Riemannian metrics. Levi-Civita connection. Geodesics. Exponential map. Second fundamental form. Complete manifolds and Hopf-Rinow theorem. Curvature tensors. Ricci curvature and scalar curvature. Spaces of constant curvature.

Introduction to the basic mathematical techniques in pricing theory and risk management: Stochastic calculus, single-period finance, financial derivatives (tree-approximation and Black-Scholes model for equity derivatives, American derivatives, numerical methods, lattice models for interest-rate derivatives), value at risk, credit risk, portfolio theory.

This course addresses the question: How do you attack a problem the likes of which you have never seen before? Students will apply Polya's principles of mathematical problem solving, draw upon their previous mathematical knowledge, and explore the creative side of mathematics in solving a variety of interesting problems and explaining those solutions to others.

Seminar in an advanced topic. Content will generally vary from semester to semester. Student presentations are required.

Seminar in an advanced topic. Content will generally vary from semester to semester. Student presentations are required.

A course in mathematics on a topic outside the current undergraduate offerings.  For information on the specific topic to be studied and possible additional preqrequisites, go to http://www.math.toronto.edu/cms/current-students-ug/

A course in mathematics on a topic outside the current undergraduate offerings. For information on the specific topic to be studied and possible additional preqrequisites, go to http://www.math.toronto.edu/cms/current-students-ug/

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. Workload equivalent to a 36L course. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside current undergraduate offerings. Similar workload to a course that has 36 lecture hours.  Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. Workload equivalent to a 36L course. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Independent research under the direction of a faculty member. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.  Similar workload to a 72L course.